What is a common complication of untreated hypertension that can lead to a persistent cough?

The correct choice highlights heart failure as a common complication of untreated hypertension that can cause a persistent cough. Chronic hypertension places excessive strain on the heart, leading to changes in heart structure and function. Over time, the heart may struggle to pump effectively, resulting in heart failure.

In heart failure, fluid can accumulate in the lungs (pulmonary congestion or edema), which often manifests as a persistent cough. This cough is typically caused by the irritation of lung tissue due to the buildup of fluid and may worsen when lying supine. Patients may also experience other symptoms such as shortness of breath, particularly during physical activities or at night.

While acute bronchitis, aortic dissection, and chronic renal failure can have serious implications, they are not commonly associated with a persistent cough as a direct result of untreated hypertension. Acute bronchitis is usually due to an infection or irritation of the airways rather than hypertension itself. Aortic dissection can present with severe chest pain and might lead to other complications, but it doesn’t typically cause a chronic cough. Chronic renal failure can occur due to long-standing hypertension, but it wouldn't usually produce a persistent cough. Thus, understanding the pathophysiology of heart failure provides insight into why it is associated with coughing in patients