What is the primary cause of chronic kidney disease in the general population?

The primary cause of chronic kidney disease (CKD) in the general population is diabetes mellitus. Diabetes leads to chronic kidney disease through the mechanisms of diabetic nephropathy, where prolonged high blood sugar levels damage the blood vessels in the kidneys. Over time, this damage reduces the kidneys’ ability to filter waste and excess fluid from the blood effectively, leading to gradual kidney function decline.

As diabetes is a widespread condition that affects a significant portion of the population, particularly in terms of obesity and sedentary lifestyle trends, its prevalence directly correlates with the rising incidence of chronic kidney disease. The renal complications from diabetes often manifest as persistent albuminuria and ultimately progress to more advanced stages of CKD.

In comparison, while hypertension is also a significant risk factor and can contribute to the progression of kidney disease, it is generally considered a consequence of renal impairment and a secondary factor rather than the primary cause. Glomerulonephritis and nephrolithiasis, although can lead to kidney damage in some cases, are less prevalent causes of chronic kidney disease when considering the general population. Thus, diabetes mellitus stands out as the leading cause of chronic kidney disease based on its direct impact and higher population prevalence.